Pericoronitis is a painful inflammation caused by a bacterial infection in the gum that surrounds a partially erupted tooth.
While it can occur with any tooth eruption, it most commonly affects wisdom teeth due to the limited space for these teeth to fully emerge.
Understanding this condition and how to identify the symptoms early is critical to preventing further complications.
If left untreated, pericoronitis can lead to severe gum infections, abscesses, and even tooth loss. Here, we’ll explore its causes, symptoms, and treatment options to help you get the relief you need.
What is Dental Pericoronitis?
Healthy gums play a protective role by covering the roots of teeth and keeping them securely anchored. However, when pericoronitis occurs, the gums become inflamed, swollen, and painful due to bacterial buildup in the tissue around a partially erupted tooth, particularly wisdom teeth. This condition can develop into a serious infection if not properly treated.
Types of Pericoronitis
Pericoronitis manifests in various forms, each with different severity levels:
- Acute congestive or serous pericoronitis: The mildest type, causing inflammation, pain, and sometimes bleeding. This form can sometimes heal on its own but should still be checked by a dentist to avoid complications.
- Acute suppurative pericoronitis: A more severe form requiring immediate treatment. It causes intense pain, often radiating to nearby areas like the ear, and results in pus formation in the gum tissue.
- Chronic pericoronitis: This occurs when acute pericoronitis is left untreated. Chronic cases often cause more significant damage and can lead to infections in the tonsils, pharynx, or other nearby tissues.
Symptoms of Pericoronitis
Pericoronitis symptoms may start mildly but can worsen if left unchecked. Common signs include:
- Gum inflammation over the partially erupted tooth
- Pain in the jaw or TMJ area, sometimes spreading to the ear
- Difficulty chewing and bleeding gums
- Persistent bad breath or a foul taste in the mouth
- Swollen face, sore throat, and fever (in severe cases)
- Formation of pus, abscesses, and dental trismus (difficulty opening the mouth)
If you experience any of these symptoms, particularly after a wisdom tooth starts erupting, it’s essential to seek treatment promptly to avoid worsening the condition.
Causes of Pericoronitis
Pericoronitis typically occurs when a tooth (usually a wisdom tooth) fails to fully erupt due to lack of space, leaving a portion of the tooth trapped under the gum tissue. This creates a breeding ground for bacteria, leading to inflammation and infection.
Other factors that may contribute to pericoronitis include:
- Improper dental hygiene: Not brushing or flossing thoroughly can lead to plaque buildup around the gumline.
- Aggressive brushing: Can injure gums, leaving them vulnerable to infection.
- Orthodontics: Dental movements during orthodontic treatment may irritate the gums.
- Bruxism (teeth grinding): Constant grinding puts pressure on the gums.
- Smoking: Increases susceptibility to gum diseases.
- Stress, diabetes, and pregnancy: Can weaken the immune system and make gums more prone to infections.
How to Treat Pericoronitis
Treatment depends on the severity of the condition. In mild cases, professional cleaning to remove plaque and the use of medicated mouthwash can suffice. However, more severe cases may require antibiotics or even tooth extraction.
Antibiotic Treatment
If there is pus or abscess formation, a dentist may prescribe antibiotics to control the infection. Common antibiotics for pericoronitis include amoxicillin or clindamycin, but it’s essential to consult with a professional for the right course of action.
Tooth Extraction
If a wisdom tooth is poorly positioned or there’s no room for it to fully erupt, extraction is often recommended to prevent recurring infections. In some cases, removing the gum flap covering the tooth (operculectomy) may also be necessary.
How to Prevent Pericoronitis
Good oral hygiene is the key to preventing pericoronitis. Brush twice a day, use floss or an oral irrigator to clean between teeth, and visit your dentist every six months for professional cleanings. Avoid aggressive brushing, especially around sensitive areas like erupting teeth.
FAQs
How long does pericoronitis last?
Pericoronitis typically lasts about one to two weeks, but symptoms will start improving within a few days of receiving treatment. Without treatment, it may last much longer and lead to more serious complications.
Can I treat pericoronitis at home?
While mild cases may improve with good oral hygiene and antiseptic mouthwash, it’s crucial to see a dentist for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan, especially if there’s significant pain or swelling.
Is pericoronitis dangerous?
Pericoronitis is not initially life-threatening but can become serious if left untreated, as it may lead to abscesses, severe infections, and even tooth loss. Early treatment is essential to avoid complications.
Is pericoronitis contagious?
No, pericoronitis is not contagious. It is caused by bacteria naturally found in the mouth but only develops when there’s a susceptibility, such as a partially erupted tooth.
Can I use mouthwash for pericoronitis?
Yes, your dentist may recommend using a medicated mouthwash like chlorhexidine to reduce inflammation and bacterial buildup, but this should be done under professional guidance.
Conclusion: Seek Treatment Early
If you notice symptoms of pericoronitis, especially around wisdom teeth, don’t wait. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent the condition from becoming more severe. Regular dental checkups and maintaining good oral hygiene are your best defense against gum infections like pericoronitis.